Community ecology:
The western palearctic oak gall wasp communities comprise about 100 gall wasp species (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae), 240 inquiline species (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) and 104 parasitoid species (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea).
By a combination of community phylogeography, food-web analysis and population genetics, this project aims to understand how community are evolving.